Crypto key that protects traffic on a circuit

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Traffic from route-map to crypto-map Ask Question. Asked 8 years, 2 months ago. Modified 4 years, 7 months ago. Viewed 6k times. So I added: reverse-route static Now it shows a route of: S What am I missing here. I'm saying www traffic is not passing through the vpn because the encap is staying at 0 v ersion Improve this question.

Community Bot 1. TheEditor TheEditor 1 1 gold badge 3 3 silver badges 12 12 bronze badges. Neither of which seemed to make any difference. With the config as it is above the show crypto ipsec sa counter goes up if I hit 2. It's just all other web traffic going straight out to the web. Once the next-hop is changed to What is the address on the web server you're trying to go to through the VPN?

IE like www. I'm pretty sure although I haven't tested it that your ACL can't use layer 4 tcp statements, only layer 3. Show 5 more comments. Sorted by: Reset to default. Highest score default Date modified newest first Date created oldest first. I have to give credit to ron for this answer. S It took me a bit to figure that one out. Improve this answer. Add a comment. I posted the new config.

Sorry for the confusion. I also changed the policy-map to the correct interface. Then removed the policy map since someone suggested it was not needed. I also changed the acl. The vpn is for all internal subnet to subnet traffic AND hopefully all web traffic.

You can see this in the updated config. Still not working. Not getting web traffic passed through. Let me try that link, I think that will help a lot in clearing this up. With the config as posted tunnels are all up. Can ping between subnets but www traffic is not passed. You messed up the CEF on the interfaces. Going to 'flow' switching, or turning CEF completely breaks a lot of things in current code.

Sign up or log in Sign up using Google. Sign up using Facebook. Sign up using Email and Password. Post as a guest Name. Email Required, but never shown. The Overflow Blog. Will chatbots ever live up to the hype? The Authorization Code grant in excruciating detail Part 2 of 2. Featured on Meta. The security of symmetric encryption and keyed hashes MACs depends on the secrecy of the key.

If the key is disclosed, the security gained by encryption is lost. To prevent this, never store secret keys in the same place as the encrypted data they helped create. A common mistake is encrypting locally stored data with a static, hardcoded encryption key and compiling that key into the app.

This makes the key accessible to anyone who can use a disassembler. First, ensure that no keys or passwords are stored within the source code. Note that hard-coded keys are problematic even if the source code is obfuscated since obfuscation is easily bypassed by dynamic instrumentation. If the app is using two-way SSL both server and client certificates are validated , make sure that:.

If the app relies on an additional encrypted container stored in app data, check how the encryption key is used. If a key-wrapping scheme is used, ensure that the master secret is initialized for each user or the container is re-encrypted with new key. If you can use the master secret or previous password to decrypt the container, check how password changes are handled.

Secret keys must be stored in secure device storage whenever symmetric cryptography is used in mobile apps. Inventing proprietary cryptographic functions is time consuming, difficult, and likely to fail. Instead, we can use well-known algorithms that are widely regarded as secure. Mobile operating systems offer standard cryptographic APIs that implement those algorithms.

Carefully inspect all the cryptographic methods used within the source code, especially those that are directly applied to sensitive data. All cryptographic operations should use standard cryptographic APIs for Android and iOS we'll write about those in more detail in the platform-specific chapters. Any cryptographic operations that don't invoke standard routines from known providers should be closely inspected.

Pay close attention to standard algorithms that have been modified. Remember that encoding isn't the same as encryption! At all implementations of cryptography, you need to ensure that the following always takes place:. Even the most secure encryption algorithm becomes vulnerable to brute-force attacks when that algorithm uses an insufficient key size. Ensure that the key length fulfills accepted industry standards. Cryptographic algorithms such as symmetric encryption or some MACs expect a secret input of a given size.

For example, AES uses a key of exactly 16 bytes. A native implementation might use the user-supplied password directly as an input key. Using a user-supplied password as an input key has the following problems:. Ensure that passwords aren't directly passed into an encryption function. Instead, the user-supplied password should be passed into a KDF to create a cryptographic key. Choose an appropriate iteration count when using password derivation functions.

For example, NIST recommends an iteration count of at least 10, for PBKDF2 and for critical keys where user-perceived performance is not critical at least 10,, For critical keys, it is recommended to consider implementation of algorithms recognized by Password Hashing Competition PHC like Argon2. Advanced Encryption Standard AES is the widely accepted standard for symmetric encryption in mobile apps.

It's an iterative block cipher that is based on a series of linked mathematical operations. AES performs a variable number of rounds on the input, each of which involve substitution and permutation of the bytes in the input block. Each round uses a bit round key which is derived from the original AES key. As of this writing, no efficient cryptanalytic attacks against AES have been discovered. However, implementation details and configurable parameters such as the block cipher mode leave some margin for error.

Block-based encryption is performed upon discrete input blocks for example, AES has bit blocks. If the plaintext is larger than the block size, the plaintext is internally split up into blocks of the given input size and encryption is performed on each block. A block cipher mode of operation or block mode determines if the result of encrypting the previous block impacts subsequent blocks. ECB Electronic Codebook divides the input into fixed-size blocks that are encrypted separately using the same key.

If multiple divided blocks contain the same plaintext, they will be encrypted into identical ciphertext blocks which makes patterns in data easier to identify. In some situations, an attacker might also be able to replay the encrypted data. This ensures that each encrypted block is unique and randomized even if blocks contain the same information.

The latter has the additional benefit that the algorithm is mandatory for each TLSv1. For more information on effective block modes, see the NIST guidelines on block mode selection. The IV doesn't have to be kept secret, but it shouldn't be predictable. Make sure that IVs are generated using a cryptographically secure random number generator. For more information on IVs, see Crypto Fail's initialization vectors article. So here using a predictable IV with its own stateful model is exactly what is needed.

In CTR you have a new nonce plus counter as an input to every new block operation. For example: for a bit long plaintext: you have 20 blocks, so you need 20 input vectors consisting of a nonce and counter. Whereas in GCM you have a single IV per cryptographic operation, which should not be repeated with the same key. In the old days, PKCS1. This mechanism is vulnerable to the padding oracle attack. Note that, even when using OAEP, you can still run into an issue known best as the Mangers attack as described in the blog at Kudelskisecurity.

Next, it is best to ensure that you add an HMAC after you encrypt the plaintext: after all a ciphertext with a failing MAC will not have to be decrypted and can be discarded. When assessing a mobile app, you should make sure that it does not use cryptographic algorithms and protocols that have significant known weaknesses or are otherwise insufficient for modern security requirements.

Algorithms that were considered secure in the past may become insecure over time; therefore, it's important to periodically check current best practices and adjust configurations accordingly. Verify that cryptographic algorithms are up to date and in-line with industry standards. Note that even algorithms that are certified for example, by NIST can become insecure over time.

A certification does not replace periodic verification of an algorithm's soundness. Algorithms with known weaknesses should be replaced with more secure alternatives. Inspect the app's source code to identify instances of cryptographic algorithms that are known to be weak, such as:. Additionally, you should always rely on secure hardware if available for storing encryption keys, performing cryptographic operations, etc. For more information on algorithm choice and best practices, see the following resources:.

Male sure that cryptographic means are not mixed with each other: e. It is fundamentally impossible to produce truly random numbers on any deterministic device. Pseudo-random number generators RNG compensate for this by producing a stream of pseudo-random numbers - a stream of numbers that appear as if they were randomly generated.

The quality of the generated numbers varies with the type of algorithm used. Cryptographically secure RNGs generate random numbers that pass statistical randomness tests, and are resilient against prediction attacks e. Mobile SDKs offer standard implementations of RNG algorithms that produce numbers with sufficient artificial randomness.

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Configuring a fail-closed policy means that no traffic can traverse through the untrusted network interface unless the member has successfully registered with the key server, deny statements in the ACL will allow specified traffic to traverse the interface in clear text.

You must be logged in to post a comment. The following scheme can show where GET VPN can be placed: Packets encrypted exiting the site router towards a destination site keeps the original IP address source and destination information so that the MPLS network can route them to the right place.

Configuring a fail-closed policy Configuring a fail-closed policy means that no traffic can traverse through the untrusted network interface unless the member has successfully registered with the key server, deny statements in the ACL will allow specified traffic to traverse the interface in clear text. Like this: Like Loading By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use.

To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy. Follow Following. Sign me up. Ubiquiti Networks products , which ensured that I would be less creepy than a sysadmin and significantly less creepy than an ISP. To further help protect privacy, I made sure any captive portal logs were written into a tmpfs volume just in case there could be any usage log leakage. The scientists among you will notice my experiment introduces selection bias. The statistics gathered only included persons that explicitly scanned for open Wi-Fi networks, chose my network, and accepted the terms on the captive portal splash page.

Such people selecting public networks might be more likely to engage in risky internet behaviors. But, the fact that human interaction was required highlights just how easy these types of attacks are. Furthermore, due the fact that using my network required human interaction in the first place, it necessarily excludes any Internet of Things IoT devices from being included in the statistics and includes only devices with which humans are directly interacting e. My tool ignored non-IP traffic from its statistics.

After gathering , IP packets, it reported that:. Is the traffic non-web traffic or some sort of other false positive? I later set up a second experiment in my own lab to examine the behavior of a few popular websites myself. I discuss these findings further in Part 2 of this series where I also explain why we are where we are today, and explain what some popular websites are doing incorrectly.

First, to successfully carry out a phishing attack, an attacker could target some of the popular sites that are accessible over HTTP and not implementing HSTS properly, maybe also leveraging DNS requests since all are insecure in a sense, captive portals used to work by carrying out DNS-forged MITM attacks every time they wanted to display their splash pages, and this is easily accomplished with DNS today since DNS has never been secured properly since.

Our hypothetical attacker could, ideally, create a sense of urgency to get users to make more mistakes by hurrying i. For example, a captive portal that prompts a user for their email address and provides a very short amount of time to check email for a verification link before they get kicked offline could be the perfect companion to a phishing login page for said email provider. Then, the attacker could just carry out a downgrade attack, Redirect via HTTP to a phishing page, and the rest is gravy.

Our hypothetical attacker could trick people into installing some backdoor or botnet software. From then on, the attacker could basically pwn their devices, information, and network of contacts whenever convenient, and identity theft or theft of money would be easy. Additionally, the traffic that my tool saw sent over Port is interesting, in that it is a port used by common business VoIP mobile apps to send phone calls over the SIP protocol. Some cellular providers similarly offload voice traffic in this way.

I was pleasantly surprised to see this in my statistics! This could be particularly useful to our hypothetical hacker for carrying a vishing attack on victims or their contacts, since CIDs are easily spoofed to make an attacker caller look familiar. If our hypothetical hacker wanted to hack you or your life by phone, he or she could gather these phone numbers and have a little fun with them later.

There are still gaping problems that we technologists have failed to fix for the rest of humanity for way too long. On public Wi-Fi networks, even today, an attacker can:. There are some commonsense things you can do to make yourself a less-easy target. If you are not, you probably should reconsider your security posture entirely. Then, in the upcoming Part 3 of this series, I will discuss the exhaustive list of things one needs to do in order to be safe online, in light of what I discussed in Parts 1 and 2.

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