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The years disclosed serious weakness in the organization and working of the university. Regents of the university discovered that the organic act from which they derived their powers, made them too dependent upon the legislature. The subject was brought to the attention of the legislature more than once but without securing the desired action in order to achieve increased independence. By the late s, the Regents achieved a strong position relative to collective bargaining with the legislature as the opinion was becoming common among capitalists , clergymen and intellectual elites , since by then the state derived significant tax revenue through them.
Such a situation ultimately led to a change in the organic act of the university. Remodelled, the act, which was approved April 8, , emancipated the university from legislative control that would have been injudicious and harmful. The office of Regent was changed from an appointed one to an elected one, and the office of President was created, with the Regents directed to select one.
As Hinsdale argued, "the independent position of the university has had much to do with its growth and prosperity. In fact, its larger growth may be dated from the time when the new sections began to take effect. Michigan was the first university in the West to pursue professional education , establishing its medical school in , engineering courses in , and a law school in James Burrill Angell , who served as the university's president from to , expanded the curriculum to include professional studies in dentistry , architecture , engineering , government , and medicine.
Michigan also became the first American university to use the seminar method of study. By , enrollment had increased to 1, students. Women were first admitted in , [39] although Alice Robinson Boise Wood had become the first woman to attend classes without matriculating in —7. He returned to Puerto Rico to practice medicine and also served in high-ranking posts in the government. Throughout its history, Michigan has been one of the nation's largest universities, vying with the largest private universities such as Harvard University in Cambridge and Columbia University then known as Columbia College in New York during the 19th and early 20th centuries, and then holding this position of national leadership until the emergence of the statewide public university systems in the post-WWII years.
From to , the growth of higher education led the university to build numerous new facilities. The Martha Cook Building was constructed as an all-female residence in as the result of a gift from William Wilson Cook in honor of his mother, Martha Walford Cook. In , the university reorganized the College of Engineering and formed an advisory committee of industrialists to guide academic research initiatives.
After World War II, enrollment expanded and by , it reached 21, During the s, the university campus was the site of numerous protests against the Vietnam War and university administration. On March 24, , a group of U-M faculty members and 3, students held the nation's first-ever faculty-led " teach-in " to protest against American policy in Southeast Asia. In response, 1, students participated in a one-hour sit-in inside the Administration Building, now known as the LSA Building.
At that time there were no African American coaches, for instance, in the Intercollegiate Athletics Department. S, pre-dating Penn 's. Because of its high standards, Michigan gained the nickname "Harvard of the West. Senator John F. Kennedy jocularly referred to himself as "a graduate of the Michigan of the East, Harvard University" in his speech proposing the formation of the Peace Corps speaking to a crowd from the front steps of the Michigan Union.
Johnson gave his speech outlining his Great Society program as the lead speaker during the University of Michigan's spring commencement ceremony. Due to concerns over the university's financial situation there have been suggestions for the complete separation of the university and state through privatization. The University of Michigan was the first attempt in the New World to build a modern university in the European sense.
The institution was the clearest and strongest presentation that had yet been made of what, in this country, at once came to be called the " Prussian ideas. Michigan alumni and faculty members carried this newer concept of the university with them as they founded other institutions.
The physical infrastructure includes more than major buildings, [62] with a combined area of more than An East Medical Campus was developed on Plymouth Road, with several university-owned buildings for outpatient care, diagnostics, and outpatient surgery. The golf course is only open to faculty, staff and alumni. The Inglis House is a 10,square-foot m 2 mansion used to hold various social events, including meetings of the Board of Regents, and to host visiting dignitaries.
Another major facility is the Matthaei Botanical Gardens , which is located on the eastern outskirts of Ann Arbor. All four campus areas are connected by bus services, the majority of which connect the North and Central campuses. There is a shuttle service connecting the University Hospital, which lies between North and Central campuses, with other medical facilities throughout northeastern Ann Arbor. The university has also seen increases in their sustainability efforts through climate, energy, food systems, water, and construction.
It originally had a school and dormitory building where Mason Hall now stands and several houses for professors on 40 acres 16 ha of land bounded by North University Avenue, South University Avenue, East University Avenue, and State Street. The President's House, located on South University Avenue, is the oldest building on campus as well as the only surviving building from the original acre 16 ha campus. Central Campus is the location of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts , and is immediately adjacent to the medical campus.
Ten of the buildings on Central Campus were designed by Detroit-based architect Albert Kahn between and North Campus is the most contiguous campus, built independently from the city on a large plot of farmland—approximately acres 3. The architect Eero Saarinen , based in Birmingham, Michigan , created one of the early master plans for North Campus and designed several of its buildings in the s, including the Earl V. Moore School of Music Building.
Each of the bell towers houses a grand carillon. The North Campus tower is called Lurie Tower. The Duderstadt Center also contains multiple computer labs , video editing studios, electronic music studios, an audio studio, a video studio, multimedia workspaces, and a 3D virtual reality room. South Campus is also the site of the Buhr library storage facility, Revelli Hall, home of the Michigan Marching Band , the Institute for Continuing Legal Education, [82] and the Student Theatre Arts Complex, which provides shop and rehearsal space for student theatre groups.
The University of Michigan Golf Course was included in a listing of top holes designed by what Sports Illustrated calls "golf's greatest course architect". The University of Michigan consists of a flagship campus in Ann Arbor, with two regional campuses in Dearborn and Flint. The Board of Regents, which governs the university and was established by the Organic Act of March 18, , consists of eight members elected at large in biennial state elections [87] for overlapping eight-year terms.
Instead, a rotating roster of professors carried out the day-to-day administration duties. The President of the University of Michigan is the principal executive officer of the university. The office was created by the Michigan Constitution of , which also specified that the president was to be appointed by the Regents of the University of Michigan and preside at their meetings, but without a vote.
Schlissel was fired by the board after an investigation determined he "may have been involved in an inappropriate relationship with an employee of the university". Schlissel's dismissal. There are thirteen undergraduate schools and colleges. With representatives from each of the university's colleges and schools, including graduate students, CSG represents students and manages student funds on the campus.
CSG is a c 3 organization, independent from the University of Michigan. VYV also works to improve access to non-partisan voting-related information and increase student voter turnout. There are student governance bodies in each college and school, independent of Central Student Government. A longstanding goal of the student government is to create a student-designated seat on the Board of Regents, the university's governing body.
In , students Nick Waun and Scott Trudeau ran for the board on the statewide ballot as third-party nominees. Waun ran for a second time in , along with Matt Petering and Susan Fawcett. Over the course of the capital campaign, additional professorships were endowed, bringing the university total to as of [ update ]. In February , a university spokesperson estimated losses of between 20 and 30 percent. In the s, the university received increased grants for research in the social and physical sciences.
During the s and s, the university devoted substantial resources to renovating its massive hospital complex and improving the academic facilities on the North Campus. In the early s, Michigan faced declining state funding due to state budget shortfalls. In fact, the university did not receive direct state appropriations until , and for most of its history, state support has been limited.
The University of Michigan is a large, four-year, residential research university accredited by the Higher Learning Commission. The university has "very high" research activity and the comprehensive graduate program offers doctoral degrees in the humanities, social sciences, and STEM fields as well as professional degrees in medicine, law, and dentistry.
The U. Michigan is one of the founding members in the year of the Association of American Universities. With over 6, faculty members, 73 of whom are members of the National Academy and of whom hold an endowed chair in their discipline, [] the university manages one of the largest annual collegiate research budgets of any university in the United States. In , the university signed an agreement to purchase a facility formerly owned by Pfizer.
The acquisition includes over acres 0. At the time of the agreement, the university's intentions for the space were not fully articulated, but the expectation was that the new space would allow the university to ramp up its research and ultimately employ in excess of 2, people. The university is also a major contributor to the medical field with the EKG [] and the gastroscope. The Correlates of War project, also located at U-M, is an accumulation of scientific knowledge about war.
The university is also home to major research centers in optics , reconfigurable manufacturing systems, wireless integrated microsystems , and social sciences. The U-M library system comprises nineteen individual libraries with twenty-four separate collections—roughly This effort was undertaken to highlight the capabilities of the state's three leading research institutions and drive the transformation of Michigan's economy.
In May , the university announced plans to cut carbon emissions from its campuses. The plan covers all of its operations and goals include removing emissions from direct, on-campus sources by Admission is based on academic prowess, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities. Michigan received over 83, applications for a place in the —22 freshman class, making it one of the most applied-to universities in the United States.
Around 16, students are offered admission annually, with a target freshman class of more than 7, students. In , two lawsuits involving U-M's affirmative action admissions policy reached the U. Supreme Court Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. President George W. Bush publicly opposed the policy before the court issued a ruling. In the first case, the court upheld the Law School admissions policy, while in the second it ruled against the university's undergraduate admissions policy.
Under that law, race, gender, and national origin can no longer be considered in admissions. This allowed time for proponents of affirmative action to decide legal and constitutional options in response to the initiative results. In April , the Supreme Court ruled in Schuette v. The admissions office states that it will attempt to achieve a diverse student body by looking at other factors, such as whether the student attended a disadvantaged school, and the level of education of the student's parents.
In Fall , the university had an enrollment of 44, students: 28, undergraduate students , 12, graduate students and 2, first professional students [7] [95] in a total of academic programs. Of all students, 37, In , undergraduates were enrolled in 12 schools or colleges: About 61 percent in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts ; 21 percent in the College of Engineering ; 5.
Among undergraduates, 70 percent graduate with a bachelor's degree within four years, 86 percent graduate within five years and 88 percent graduating within six years. Of the university's 12, non-professional graduate students, 5, are seeking academic doctorates and 6, are seeking master's degrees.
The largest number of master's degree students are enrolled in the Ross School of Business 1, students seeking MBA or Master of Accounting degrees and the College of Engineering 1, students seeking M. The largest number of doctoral students are enrolled in the College of Literature, Science, and the Arts 2, and College of Engineering 1, While the majority of U-M's graduate degree-granting schools and colleges have both undergraduate and graduate students, a few schools only issue graduate degrees.
In Fall , 2, Michigan students were enrolled in U-M's professional schools : the School of Dentistry students , Law School 1, students , Medical School 1, students , and College of Pharmacy students. The University of Michigan's campus housing system can accommodate approximately 10, students, or nearly 25 percent of the total student population at the university.
Family housing is located on North Campus and mainly serves graduate students. The largest residence hall has a capacity of 1, students, [] while the smallest accommodates 25 residents. The residential system has a number of "living-learning communities" where academic activities and residential life are combined. These communities focus on areas such as research through the Michigan Research and Discovery Scholars, medical sciences, community service and the German language.
The Residential College RC , a living-learning community that is a division of the College of Literature, Science and the Arts , also has its principal instructional space in East Quad. The Michigan Community Scholars Program, dedicated to civic engagement, community service learning and intercultural understanding and dialogue, is located in West Quad. The residential system also has a number of "theme communities" where students have the opportunity to be surrounded by students in a residential hall who share similar interests.
These communities focus on global leadership, the college transition experience, and internationalism. The university lists 1, student organizations. The latter group seeks to hold accountable multinational companies that exploit their workers in factories around the world where college apparel is produced. Although the student body generally leans toward left-wing politics , [] there are also conservative groups, such as Young Americans for Freedom , and non-partisan groups, such as the Roosevelt Institute.
There are also several engineering projects teams, including the University of Michigan Solar Car Team , which has placed first in the North American Solar Challenge six times and third in the World Solar Challenge four times. Intramural sports are popular, and there are recreation facilities for each of the three campuses.
Membership numbers for the — school year reached the highest in the last two decades. Each council has a different recruitment process. The Michigan Union houses a majority of student groups, including the student government. The Michigan Marching Band , composed of more than students from almost all of U-M's schools, [] is the university's marching band.
Over years old, [] the band performs at every home football game and travels to at least one away game a year. The student-run and led University of Michigan Pops Orchestra is another musical ensemble that attracts students from all academic backgrounds. It performs regularly in the Michigan Theater. The University of Michigan Men's Glee Club , founded in and the second oldest such group in the country, is a men's chorus with over members.
Students earning a minimum overall GPA of 3. Angell Scholars and are invited to attend the annual Honors Convocation, an event which recognizes undergraduate students with distinguished academic achievements. The University of Michigan also encourages many cultural and ethnic student organizations on campus. There are currently over organizations under this category. These clubs also help students make this large University into a smaller community to help find people with similar interests and backgrounds.
Michigauma and Adara were once under the umbrella group "The Tower Society", the name referring to their historical locations in the Michigan Union tower. Michigauma was all-male while Adara was all-female, although both later became co-ed. Several academic journals are published at the university:. The student newspaper is The Michigan Daily , founded in and editorially and financially independent of the university.
The Daily is published five days a week during academic year, and weekly from May to August. The yearbook is the Michiganensian , founded in Other student publications at the university include the conservative The Michigan Review and the progressive Michigan Independent. The humor publication Gargoyle Humor Magazine is also published by Michigan students. WOLV-TV is the student-run television station that is primarily shown on the university's cable television system. WJJX was previously the school's student-run radio station.
A carrier current station, it was launched in The Division of Public Safety leadership team is made up of one executive director, three division deputy directors, three police chiefs and four directors. In addition, the team is also joined by two program managers and an executive assistant. Violent crime is rare on the campus though a few of the cases have been notorious including Theodore Kaczynski 's attempted murder of professor James V. She applies this analysis to two use-cases: improving resistance of networking protocols to traffic analysis, and developing automated tracking detection on websites.
However, its extreme sensitivity makes it problematic, if not outright impossible, to publish or share it. In this dissertation, we study and build systems that are geared towards privacy preserving genomic data sharing. We first look at the Matchmaker Exchange, a platform that connects multiple distributed databases through an API and allows researchers to query for genetic variants in other databases through the network.
However, queries are broadcast to all researchers that made a similar query in any of the connected databases, which can lead to a reluctance to use the platform, due to loss of privacy or competitive advantage. In order to overcome this reluctance, we propose a framework to support anonymous querying on the platform.
We find that the system offers low security when the adversary has access to side information, and we support our claims by empirical evidence. We also study the viability of synthetic data for privacy preserving data sharing. Since for genomic data research, the utility of the data provided is of the utmost importance, we first perform a utility evaluation on generative models for different types of datasets i. Then, we propose a privacy evaluation framework for synthetic data.
We then perform a measurement study assessing state-of-the-art generative models specifically geared for human genomic data, looking at both utility and privacy perspectives. Overall, we find that there is no single approach for generating synthetic data that performs well across the board from both utility and privacy perspectives. She is supervised by Dr. Emiliano De Cristofaro and Dr.
Christophe Dessimoz. Currently, she works for Bitfount, a start-up for federated machine learning. As a consequence, the lack of privacy exposes billions of people to privacy breaches and mass surveillance. Anonymous communication networks, such as Tor, are vital to maintain our privacy, however, Tor does not defend against powerful adversaries. For message-based systems, it has been shown that mix networks that re-order mix packets can defend against these nation-state level adversaries.
Nym is building a permissionless and incentivised communication infrastructure, which provides full-stack privacy even against corporations and government actors with the capacity to capture all global internet traffic. In this talk, we outline two core components of the Nym design. Her research interests span several aspects of security, privacy-enhancing technologies, distributed systems, and anonymous communication onion routing, mix networks, p2p.
She is also interested in blockchain technologies, particularly in the context of the privacy of cryptocurrencies. Ania received her Ph. George Danezis and Prof. Sarah Meiklejohn. During her Ph. She is based in London GMT. Other ubiquitous sensors are continuously becoming more powerful and affordable. They can now be maliciously exploited even by average non-tech-savvy users. The ubiquity of smartphones can itself be a threat to privacy; with personal data being accessible essentially everywhere, sensitive information can easily become subject to prying eyes.
There is a significant increase in the number of novel platforms in which users need to perform secure transactions e. Mohamed will talk about the implications of these developments and his work in this area with a focus on the challenges, opportunities, and directions for future work. Mohamed and his team a investigate how ubiquitous sensors impact privacy, security and safety, and b design user-centered approaches to overcome these threats. For example, he is currently studying how thermal cameras can be used maliciously to infer sensitive input on touchscreens and keyboards.
It is especially attractive in protocols with a large number of participants, as it tends to scale much better than MPC. As an example, Verifiable Delay Functions have only been formalized in , and they are already used or being considered for use in several cryptocurrencies.
So far, basically all practical time delay cryptography is based on groups of unknown order, typically RSA groups with a trusted setup or ideal class groups of quadratic imaginary number fields. Isogenies of elliptic curves have been used as a foundation for post-quantum cryptography for more than 15 years. In , in a joint work with Masson, Petit and Sanso, we observed that walks in supersingular isogeny graphs could also be used as a foundation for time delay cryptography, although not necessarily in a quantum safe manner.
In a recent joint work with Burdges, we introduced a new time delay primitive, named Delay Encryption, and gave the only known instantiation based on the same framework as the isogeny based VDF. In this talk we will review the basic theory of isogenies, explain how they naturally lead to conjecturally incompressible sequential computation, and see how they can be combined with pairings to construct time delay primitives.
Then, we will discuss the quirks and challenges associated to putting isogeny based delay cryptography into practice. He is currently employed at IBM Research, where he works on post-quantum cryptography and related topics. Instead of matching the buy and sell sides, AMMs employ a peer-to-pool method and determine asset price algorithmically through a so-called conservation function. To facilitate the improvement and development of AMM-based DEX, we create the first systematization of knowledge in this area.
Finally, we conduct a comprehensive literature review on related work covering both DeFi and conventional market microstructure. Bio : Dr. Jiahua earned her PhD from the University of St. Although YouTube facilitates easy access to hundreds of well-produced educational, entertaining, and trustworthy news videos, abhorrent, misinformative and mistargeted content is also common.
The platform is plagued by various types of inappropriate content including: 1 disturbing videos targeting young children; 2 hateful and misogynistic content; and 3 pseudoscientific and conspiratorial content. In , he was a Research Intern at Telefonica Research for 6 months. His research focuses on applying deep learning and data-driven quantitative analysis to study emerging phenomena in social networks and user-generated video platforms like YouTube.
His research interests lie in the fields of social networks analysis, security in social networks, fake news, deep learning, big data analysis, and authentication security. Sex workers face a unique and significant set of digital, social, political, legal, and safety risks; yet their digital experiences have received little study in the CS and HCI literature.
In this talk we will review findings from a 2-year long study examining how sex workers who work in countries where sex work is legal Germany, Switzerland, the UK use technology to conduct business and how they have developed digital strategies for staying safe online and offline. We will then describe how these findings can inform broader conversations around internet governance, digital discrimination, and safety protections for other marginalized and vulnerable users whose experiences bisect the digital and physical.
Elissa M. She has additionally served as a consultant and researcher at multiple institutions, including Microsoft Research, Facebook, the World Bank, the Center for Democracy and Technology, and the University of Zurich. Redmiles received her B.
Cum Laude , M. PSIs have a variety of applications, primarily in efficiently supporting data sharing in a privacy-preserving manner. At Eurocrypt , Ghosh and Nilges proposed three efficient PSIs based on the polynomial representation of sets and proved their security against active adversaries.
In this talk, I will discuss that these three PSIs are susceptible to several serious attacks. I will explain why the proofs did not identify these attacks and discuss how the issues can be rectified. His research interests include information security, privacy, cryptography, and blockchain technology. Prior to holding this position, he held lectureship and research associate positions at the University of Gloucestershire and Edinburgh respectively.
Achieving Privacy through Careful Design [ Recording ] Abstract: Technological developments have made it easier to invade our privacy. Yet technology can also be used to protect privacy. Privacy by design is a methodology that aims to incorporate privacy in the system development cycle from the very start.
Careful design makes it possible to make the services that we use in our daily life much more privacy friendly. Jaap-Henk studies privacy by design and privacy friendly protocols for identity management and the Internet of Things.
He speaks on these topics at national and international congresses and publishes papers in inter national journals. He also appears in the media as security and privacy expert, and writes about his research in the popular press, and he is actively involved in the public debate concerning security and privacy in our society.
Some scholars have argued that the influence campaign was an infringement of sovereignty. Others have argued that it undermined the right to self-determination. Stronger still, some have suggested that the campaign might constitute an attack. I contend that none of these frameworks are adequate for explaining the particular wrong of foreign influence, nor are they conceptually satisfying in the context of online influence.
The upshots of this account are that it allows us to talk meaningfully about the connection between domestic and foreign influence, and to draw lines between permissible and impermissible influence, broadly construed.
Bio : Beba is a Ph. D candidate in philosophy and Fritz Family Fellow at Georgetown University focusing on applied ethics, social and political philosophy, and social epistemology. Her dissertation examines the ethical, political, and legal status of online influence efforts. Beba is also co-authoring a textbook for MIT Press on the philosophy of machine agency. Nevertheless, existing schemes are not suitable for the case where a server is given multiple instances of a puzzle scheme at once and it must unlock them at different points in time.
If the schemes are naively used in this setting, then the server has to start solving all puzzles as soon as it receives them, that ultimately imposes significant computation cost and demands a high level of parallelisation. C-TLP makes black-box use of a standard time-lock puzzle scheme and is accompanied by a lightweight publicly verifiable algorithm.
It is the first time-lock puzzle that offers a combination of the above features.